пятница, 15 октября 2021 г.

News update 12/11/2021



Among the Vikings there were special warriors who were called berserkers (or berserkers). These were people obsessed with combat. They didn't wear armor. Intoxicated by the battle, they tore off even their clothes and crushed the enemy, not noticing the wounds and pain. As a rule, they were double-handed (that is, they fought with two swords at once in their right and left hands), Berserkers were very much appreciated in the squad. One berserker was equal to 20 warriors. They were desperate warriors.

The conditions of life in Scandinavia gradually changed, and the Vikings themselves, softened by gold and wealth, ceased to be terrible and invincible warriors.

The scattered squads were opposed by the kings of Denmark and the descendants of the Vikings, who had previously captured the vast lands of Europe, who continued to be disturbed by greedy relatives. Now and there they began to curse as robbers and robbers. The peasants rallied around the settled kings, who did not chase prey in foreign lands, but protected the civilian population from the extortions of wandering yars. The Vikings became outcasts, vagabonds, pirates. They were no longer proud.

The age of small squads was coming to an end. And even the berserkers could not help a detachment of 50 people defeat the strong royal garrisons. Three centuries of wars taught Europe a lot - it was no longer as helpless as before.

Gradually, the onslaught of the Vikings on Western Europe weakened. In the XI century. own kingdoms developed in Scandinavia, and the Vikings - the conquerors of Normandy, England, Italy, Ireland, Sicily - gradually adopted the customs of the peoples with whom they lived side by side in their new lands.

The "Viking Age", which began in the VHI century, by the end of the XI century. ended successfully.



































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Medieval states have come a long way in the millennium that separated the first barbarian kingdoms from the developed and complexly organized monarchies of the 15th-16th centuries. The French historian Jacques Le Goff depicts the Frankish kings of the 7th century. surrounded by a bunch of drunken soldiers and uncouth employees; this whole crowd was called "glorious, or eminent people" and was endowed with magnificent Roman titles.

The kings of this era did not have a permanent place of residence and moved from one settlement to another all their lives, feeding on their subjects. Taxes were not collected, and the king carried all his wealth with him in chests and chests - gold and glass products, precious fabrics and weapons ...

We see completely different kings in Europe at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. and even earlier. According to contemporaries, many French kings from the Valois dynasty (let's take this dynasty just for example) were distinguished by wide, versatile interests, far beyond the limits of wars, hunts and court holidays. Charles V (1364-1380; hereinafter the years of reign are indicated) often talked with learned doctors of the University of Paris, had a large personal library attached directly to the royal office. Louis XI (1461-1483) paid exclusive attention to the development of trade and industry in France. He convened special meetings of merchants in order to "arrange what measures to take to ensure the security of trade, so that our subjects, with God's help, would receive more benefits." Francis I (1515-1547) was an enthusiastic admirer of Italian architects, sculptors and painters; he can rightfully be called one of the "fathers" of the French Renaissance.

There are many such examples. By the end of the Middle Ages, royalty began to play an increasingly important role in people's lives. Kings patronize sciences and arts, equip trading expeditions and found manufactories; every person feels the close attention of royal judges and tax collectors, royal ministers and police officers... The history of medieval kingdoms is a mirror of the European history of the Middle Ages. Let us also look into this mirror and go step by step the path that the Europeans have overcome for a millennium. Is it a lot or a little - a thousand years? The answer to this question depends on the length of the path.






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